A short note on: Identification of the shape of simple causative sources from gravity data     

B.K. Nandi  R.K. Shaw  B.N.P. Agarwal 《Geophysical Prospecting》1997,45(3):513-520

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Global monsoons in the mid-Holocene and oceanic feedback   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10  

Z. Liu  S. P. Harrison  J. Kutzbach  B. Otto-Bliesner 《Climate Dynamics》2004,22(2-3):157-182

The response of the six major summer monsoon systems (the North American monsoon, the northern Africa monsoon, the Asia monsoon, the northern Australasian monsoon, the South America monsoon and the southern Africa monsoon) to mid-Holocene orbital forcing has been investigated using a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (FOAM), with the focus on the distinct roles of the direct insolation forcing and oceanic feedback. The simulation result is also found to compare well with the NCAR CSM. The direct effects of the change in insolation produce an enhancement of the Northern Hemisphere monsoons and a reduction of the Southern Hemisphere monsoons. Ocean feedbacks produce a further enhancement of the northern Africa monsoon and the North American monsoon. However, ocean feedbacks appear to weaken the Asia monsoon, although the overall effect (direct insolation forcing plus ocean feedback) remains a strengthened monsoon. The impact of ocean feedbacks on the South American and southern African monsoons is relatively small, and therefore these regions, especially the South America, experienced a reduced monsoon regime compared to present. However, there is a strong ocean feedback on the northern Australian monsoon that negates the direct effects of orbital changes and results in a strengthening of austral summer monsoon precipitation in this region. A new synthesis is made for mid-Holocene paleoenvironmental records and is compared with the model simulations. Overall, model simulations produce changes in regional climates that are generally consistent with paleoenvironmental observations.  相似文献   

Estimated N2O and CO2 Emissions as Influenced by Agricultural Practices in Canada   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

B. Grant  W. N. Smith  R. Desjardins  R. Lemke  C. Li 《Climatic change》2004,65(3):315-332

The Denitrification-Decompostion (DNDC) model was used to estimate the impact of change in management practices on N₂O emissions in seven major soil regions in Canada, for the period 1970 to 2029. Conversion of cultivated land to permanent grassland would result in the greatest reduction in N₂O emissions, particularly in eastern Canada wherethe model estimated about 60% less N₂O emissions for thisconversion. About 33% less N₂O emissions were predicted for a changefrom conventional tillage to no-tillage in western Canada, however, a slight increase in N₂O emissions was predicted for eastern Canada. GreaterN₂O emissions in eastern Canada associated with the adoption of no-tillage were attributed to higher soil moisture causing denitrification, whereas the lower emissions in western Canada were attributed to less decomposition of soil organic matter in no-till versus conventional tilled soil. Elimination of summer fallow in a crop rotation resulted in a 9% decrease in N₂O emissions, with substantial emissions occurringduring the wetter fallow years when N had accumulated. Increasing N-fertilizer application rates by 50% increased average emissions by 32%,while a 50% decrease of N-fertilizer application decreased emissions by16%. In general, a small increase in N₂O emissions was predicted when N-fertilizer was applied in the fall rather than in the spring. Previous research on CO₂ emissions with the CENTURY model (Smith et al.,2001) allowed the quantification of the combined change in N₂O andCO₂ emissions in CO₂ equivalents for a wide range of managementpractices in the seven major soil regions in Canada. The management practices that have the greatest potential to reduce the combined N₂O andCO₂ emissions are conversion from conventional tillage to permanent grassland, reduced tillage, and reduction of summer fallow. The estimated net greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction when changing from cultivated land to permanent grassland ranged from 0.97 (Brown Chernozem) to 4.24 MgCO₂ equiv. ha^–1 y^–1 (BlackChernozem) for the seven soil regions examined. When changing from conventional tillage to no-tillage the net GHG emission reduction ranged from 0.33 (Brown Chernozem) to 0.80 Mg CO₂ equiv. ha^–1 y^–1 (Dark GrayLuvisol). Elimination of fallow in the crop rotation lead to an estimated net GHG emission reduction of 0.43 (Brown Chernozem) to 0.80 Mg CO₂ equiv.ha^–1 y^–1 (Dark Brown Chernozem). The addition of 50% more or 50% less N-fertilizer both resulted in slight increases in combined CO₂ and N₂O emissions. There was a tradeoff in GHG flux with greaterN₂O emissions and a comparable increase in carbon storage when 50% more N-fertilizer was added. The results from this work indicate that conversion of cultivated land to grassland, the conversion from conventional tillage to no-tillage, and the reduction of summerallow in crop rotations could substantially increase C sequestration and decrease net GHG emissions. Based on these results a simple scaling-up scenario to derive the possible impacts on Canada's Kyoto commitment has been calculated.  相似文献   

新技术,新挑战——GPS在青藏高原等地区地质研究中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

B. C. Burchfiel 《沉积与特提斯地质》2004,24(4):89-95

新技术应用到地学领域所获取的新的科学数据有助于我们加深对地质过程的理解。同时，我们解释地质过程的研究方法也受到新技术资料的挑战，从而迫使我们用新的或不同的方法来研究这些地质过程。在此．我想对某些资料进行讨论，这些都是热门的研究领域。当然．作为一个野外地质工作者，我的理解有限。工作的确尚在进行之中，其潜在的结果将促使我们通过新方法着眼于浅部地壳结构及其与深部岩石圈过程的关系。  相似文献   

Analysis of Chironomid Remains from Lake Sediments in Paleoecological Reconstruction     

Il'yashuk  E. A.  Il'yashuk  B. P. 《Water Resources》2004,31(2):203-214

The results of methodological studies of paleoecological reconstruction of environmental characteristics are considered. The studies are based on the analysis of chironomid remains from the sediments of lake ecosystems. The investigation is focused on the methodical basis of analysis and the perspectives and range of its application to long-term environmental changes of natural and anthropogenic origin. It is shown that the development of this method in future studies will require a balanced combination of neo- and paleoecological approaches.  相似文献   

Copper (II) Speciation in a Freshwater Ecosystem     

Smolyakov  B. S.  Zhigula  M. V.  Ryzhikh  A. P.  Sinitsyna  E. V.  Ermolaeva  N. I.  Fedotova  A. A. 《Water Resources》2004,31(1):55-63

Results of chemico-biological experiments in a natural water body with the use of model systems with Cu (II) introduced in them at different proportions of its chemical forms (natural and simulated) in the solution. The model forms used in the experiments were Cu complexes with benzyl- and hexadecylmalonic acids, simulating low-molecular dissolved organic substances. The experimental conditions were chosen based on a preliminary calculation using WATEQ–4f program. The complexes of Cu with hexadecylmalonic acid are found to be absorbed by suspensions and removed into bottom sediment more actively than other Cu forms. The toxicity of introduced Cu for the phyto- and zooplanktonic communities is found to depend on the concentration of Cu²⁺ aqua-ions in the solution, in the presence of which the higher concentrations of complexes with malonic acids do not exert their toxic effect.  相似文献   

Calculating Sediment Transport in the Coastal Zone of the Sea     

Arkhipov  B. V.  Koterov  V. N.  Kocherova  A. S.  Solbakov  V. V.  Khublaryan  G. M. 《Water Resources》2004,31(1):27-35

The mathematical model described is intended for the prediction of anthropogenic sediment transport in the coastal zone of the sea. Calculation results are presented.  相似文献   

The State of Benthic Communities and Water Quality Evaluation in the Cheboksary Reservoir   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Nazarova  L. B.  Semenov  V. F.  Sabirov  R. M.  Efimov  I. Yu. 《Water Resources》2004,31(3):316-322

Present-day quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the Cheboksary Reservoir have been investigated, and data on the biological diversity of benthic organisms have been compared to those of hydrobiological studies carried out in the region prior to the reservoir construction. The reservoir bottom communities include 75 species and forms of benthos. The reservoir water quality has been evaluated using different methods, including the determination of the degree of morphological structure abnormalities in chironomid larvae, regarded as sublethal indicators of bottom sediment pollution with toxic substances.  相似文献   

Advection Within Shallow Pore Waters of a Coastal Lagoon, Florida   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jaye E. Cable  Jonathan B. Martin  Peter W. Swarzenski  Mary K. Lindenberg  Joel Steward 《Ground water》2004,42(7):1011-1020

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In-plane and anti-plane strong shaking of soil systems and structures     

G. Gudehus  R. O. Cudmani  A. B. Libreros-Bertini  M. M. Bühler 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(4):319-342

The concept of in-plane and anti-plane shaking is introduced with a rigid block on a plane surface with Coulomb friction. Using a hypoplastic constitutive relation to model the mechanical behaviour of the soil, numerical solutions for a rigid block on a thin dry or saturated soil layer are obtained. The coupled nature of dynamic problems involving granular materials is shown, i.e. the motion of the block changes the soil state—skeleton stresses and density—which in turn affects the block motion. Motions of the block as well as soil response can be more realistically calculated by the new model. The same constitutive equation is applied to the numerical simulation of the propagation of plane waves in homogeneous and layered level soil deposits induced by a wave coming from below. Experiments with a novel laminar shake box as well as real seismic records from well-documented sites during strong earthquakes are used to verify the adequacy of the hypoplasticity-based numerical model for the prediction of soil response during strong earthquakes. The response of a homogeneous earth dam subjected to in-plane and anti-plane shaking is investigated numerically. In-plane and anti-plane shaking is shown to cause nearly the same spreading of a sand dam under drained conditions, whereas under undrained conditions anti-plane shaking causes stronger spreading of the dam. The dynamic behaviour of a breakwater founded on rockfill and soft clay during the 1995 Kobe earthquake is back-calculated to show the good performance of the proposed numerical model also with a structure. Section 9 deals with buildings on mattresses of densified cohesionless soils or fine-grained soils with granular columns, slopes with ‘hidden’ dams and structures on piles traversing clayey slopes to show the suitability of hypoplasticity-based models for the earthquake-resistant design and safety assessment of geotechnical systems.  相似文献